A group of Dozo hunters from the Bambara ethnic group armed with various weapons and wearing protective amulets. A pan-ethnic society that have long existed across several West African countries, grou...

A group of Dozo hunters from the Bambara ethnic group armed with various weapons and wearing protective amulets. A pan-ethnic society that have long existed across several West African countries, grou...

A group of Dozo hunters from the Bambara ethnic group armed with various weapons and wearing protective amulets. A pan-ethnic society that have long existed across several West African countries, grou...

French soldiers fire mortar rounds at Islamist fighter's positions during Operation Koufra which was part of the larger Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from EIG...

A French soldier talks to a local resident in the town of Akabar during Operation Koufra which was part of the larger Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from EIGS...

Two French soldiers operate a drone while taking part in Operation Koufra, part of Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from EIGS (Islamic State in the Great Sahara)...

A French tank is illuminated by lights at a military base during Operation Koufra which was part of the larger Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from EIGS (Islami...

A patrol, made up of local civilians armed with machetes, passes through the town during the night. Six years after Malian and French forces fought a week long engagement with invading militant Islami...

Women, dressed in black, walking near a military vehicle damaged in heavy fighting that took place in the town in January 2013 as Malian and French forces fought a week long engagement with militant I...

Members of FAMA (Malian Armed Forces) armed with a heavy machine gun mounted in the rear of a pick up truck participates with the French army in Operation Koufra which was part of the larger Operation...

Members of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) travelling across the desert.

A French soldier from the Barkhane force walks among women shopping in a covered market.

A French soldier talks to a local resident in the town of Akabar during Operation Koufra which was part of the larger Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from EIGS...

French army vehicles during Operation Koufra which was part of the larger Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from EIGS (Islamic State in the Great Sahara).

French army vehicles pass a children carrying water in a donkey cart during Operation Koufra which was part of the larger Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from E...

A priest says mass at a temporary French army base during Operation Koufra which was part of the larger Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from EIGS (Islamic State...

A Tiger helicopter and an armoured vehicle belonging to French forces taking part in Operation Koufra which is part of Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from EIGS...

A patrol, made up of local civilians armed with machetes, passes through the town during the night. Six years after Malian and French forces fought a week long engagement with invading militant Islami...

A priest says mass at a temporary French army base during Operation Koufra which was part of the larger Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from EIGS (Islamic State...

A machine gunner looks out of the door of a Caiman NH 90 helicopter during a flight from Menaka to Akabar, part of the French army's Operation Barkhane.

A group of Dozo hunters from the Bambara ethnic group armed with various weapons and wearing protective amulets. A pan-ethnic society that have long existed across several West African countries, grou...

A military vehicle passes the Djenne Mosque, considered the most beautiful and largest adobe building in the world.

French soldiers take part in Operation Koufra which is part of Operation Barkhane. The soldiers were searching for Islamist terrorists from EIGS (Islamic State in the Great Sahara).

A machine gunner looks out of the door of a Caiman NH 90 helicopter during a flight from Menaka to Akabar, part of the French army's Operation Barkhane.

The bones of a person lies half buried in the sands of the Tenere, a region of the Saraha Desert. Beside the remains is a plastic water container.

A group of Dozo hunters from the Bambara ethnic group armed with various weapons and wearing protective amulets. A pan-ethnic society that have long existed across several West African countries, grou...

A Nigerien military patrol crosses the sands of the Tenere, a region of the Saraha Desert.

On a smugglers route, used to avoid military patrols, a migrant's grave is marked by some rocks and their empty water container. The person died trying to cross the Tenere, a region of the Saraha Dese...

A group of migrants burning tyres to attract attention but also to try and keep warm during the desert's cold night. Their vehicle broke down while they were trying to cross the Tenere, a region of th...

Vehicles packed with migrants from all across West Africa set off to cross the Tenere, a region of the Sahara Desert, in order to reach Libya and beyond.

In the migrant's 'ghetto', in Agadez, young people from Niger and other West African countries sit and wait for a vehicle to take them across the desert to Libya.

A Tuareg with his camels stops to talk with the occupants of a truck that is crossing the Tenere, a region of the Saraha Desert, after coming from Libya.

Members of a Nigerien military patrol careful look through Aghali Ahmet's possessions to make sure he is not terrorist. Ahmet says the car in which he was travelling to Libya broke down and he was aba...

An abandoned and stripped out vehicle lies half buried in the sands of the Tenere, a region of the Saraha Desert.

A group of migrants from Niger walking through the Tenere, a region of the Sahara Desert, towards Korry Kantara the nearest town about seven hours away. The vehicle they were travelling in broke down...

Vehicles packed with migrants from all across West Africa set off to cross the Tenere, a region of the Sahara Desert, in order to reach Libya and beyond.

Vehicles packed with migrants from all across West Africa set off to cross the Tenere, a region of the Sahara Desert, in order to reach Libya and beyond.

Vehicles packed with migrants from all across West Africa set off to cross the Tenere, a region of the Sahara Desert, in order to reach Libya and beyond.

Vehicles packed with migrants from all across West Africa set off to cross the Tenere, a region of the Sahara Desert, in order to reach Libya and beyond.

A group of Dogon hunters called Dozo, who have formed a militia known as 'Dan Na Ambassagou' (the hunters who confide in God'). The group was suspected of killing 165 mainly Fulani people during a rai...

An American military base that once complete will host hundreds of US soldiers as part of the fight against terrorist groups.

Members of FAMA (Malian Armed Forces) armed with a heavy machine gun mounted in the rear of a pick up truck participates with the French army in Operation Koufra which was part of the larger Operation...

A machine gunner looks out of the door of a Caiman NH 90 helicopter during a flight from Menaka to Akabar, part of the French army's Operation Barkhane.

A group of West African migrants in the back of a vehicle as it crosses the Tenere, a region of the Saraha Desert, on their way to Libya.

Cliffs that form the edge of the Bandiagara escarpment. Once a popular tourist trekking route, it is now a place of conflict between the region's Dogon farmers and Fulani (Peul) pastoralists.

Two girls walking past a mud-walled building.

A boy huddles in the back of a vehicle as it crosses the Tenere, a region of the Saraha Desert, on its way to Libya.

An abandoned show lies half buried in the sands of the Tenere, a region of the Saraha Desert.

Fatiam Omgoiba, a young Dogon woman from the Douentza region, was kidnapped by GISM Fulani jihadists and over several days was raped by the militants resulting in her becoming pregnant and giving birt...

A group of Dogon hunters called Dozo, who have formed a militia known as 'Dan Na Ambassagou' (the hunters who confide in God'). The group was suspected of killing 165 mainly Fulani people during a rai...

An American military base that once complete will host hundreds of US soldiers as part of the fight against terrorist groups.

American military prepare a military base that once complete will host hundreds of US soldiers as part of the fight against terrorist groups.

A boy walks through the old town of Agadez, an UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Fatiam Omgoiba, a young Dogon woman from the Douentza region, was kidnapped by GISM Fulani jihadists and for several days was raped by the militants resulting in her becoming pregnant and later giving...

A young Fulani (Peul) gold miner digs through rock 112 metres deep in one of the 600 mines at the Tagharaba gold mine on the border of Algeria.

Young Tuareg women smoking water pipes in a shisha (sheesha, narghile, hookah) bar.

Emir Oumarou Ibrahim Oumarou in his palace with his courtiers.

Covered mine shaft heads at the Tagharaba gold mine near the Algerian border.

A man sits among the detritous of a mine shaft at the Tagharaba gold mine near the Algerian border.

Vehicles packed with migrants from all across West Africa set off to cross the Tenere, a region of the Sahara Desert, in order to reach Libya and beyond.

A young miner at the Tagharaba gold mine.

Vehicles packed with migrants from all across West Africa set off to cross the Tenere, a region of the Sahara Desert, in order to reach Libya and beyond.

A Dozo hunter from the Bambara ethnic group armed with various weapons and wearing protective amulets. A pan-ethnic society that have long existed across several West African countries, groups of Dozo...

A group of Dogon hunters called Dozo, who have formed a militia known as 'Dan Na Ambassagou' (the hunters who confide in God'). The group was suspected of killing 165 mainly Fulani people during a rai...

An abandoned show lies half buried in the sands of the Tenere, a region of the Saraha Desert.

A Tuareg woman places her family's ballot in a box during the election for village chief.

Each night at the Agadez abattoir, buyers who have made their choice at the livestock market drive camels, sheep and goats to the municipal slaughterhouse. After being killed, the meat will be shipped...

Young women of the Tijaniyyah brotherhood form a procession in the streets of Agadez on the occasion of the birth of Muhammad.

Each night at the Agadez abattoir, buyers who have made their choice at the livestock market drive camels, sheep and goats to the municipal slaughterhouse. After being killed, the meat will be shipped...

Each night at the Agadez abattoir, buyers who have made their choice at the livestock market drive camels, sheep and goats to the municipal slaughterhouse. After being killed, the meat will be shipped...

Pupils study the Koran at an Izala school that teaches a reformist, conservative form of Islam.

Each night at the Agadez abattoir, buyers who have made their choice at the livestock market drive camels, sheep and goats to the municipal slaughterhouse. After being killed, the meat will be shipped...

Women wearing complete face veils, study the Koran at an Izala school that teaches a reformist, conservative form of Islam.

Women wearing complete face veils, study the Koran at an Izala school that teaches a reformist, conservative form of Islam.

A truck loaded with clothes, plastic furniture and electrical appliances arrives at the Agadez customs. Due to the Libyan dinar being unstable and difficult to exchange, Nigerians working in Libya oft...

Mine shaft heads at the Tagharaba gold mine near the Algerian border.

Miners at the Amzergem gold mine.

A group of Dozo hunters from the Bambara ethnic group armed with various weapons and wearing protective amulets. A pan-ethnic society that have long existed across several West African countries, grou...

A woman, with her grand-daughter strapped to her back, visiting a friend at a family homestead made up of grass-thatch buildings surrounded by a protective fence.

Thorne trees growing on farmland.

A typical family homestead made up of grass-thatch buildings surrounded by a protective fence in the Sahel bush between Hadjer Hadid and the village of Ourkoulong.

A member of the Spanish army giving a workshop about mortars to Malian soldiers. The Spanish are part of Operation Barkhane, an anti-insurgent action targeting Islamists in the Sahel.

Cattle and goats in the dry sahel landscape near Yola.

A Spanish soldier on patrol. The Spanish are part of Operation Barkhane, an anti-insurgent action targeting Islamists in the Sahel.

A member of the Spanish airforce waits to fly to Mali where the Spanish army involved in Operation Barkhane, an anti-insurgent action targeting Islamists in the Sahel.

Women selling locally produced fruits and vegetables in the town's market. Drought, due to climate change, and imported food aid have hurt rural communities throughout the Sahel.

Children at a well used by migrating pastoralists and their livestock in the province of Guidimakha. Drought, due to climate change, has severely affected the Sahel and the way of life of the region's...

A woman fills jerry cans with water from a communal water supply. Water is precious in the Sahel and the host communities, such those of Nguel Kolo, now have to share their resources with over 100,000...

A woman fills jerry cans with water from a communal water supply. Water is precious in the Sahel and the host communities, such those of Nguel Kolo, now have to share their resources with over 100,000...

A woman fills jerry cans with water from a communal water supply. Water is precious in the Sahel and the host communities, such those of Nguel Kolo, now have to share their resources with over 100,000...